Literals In Java
A literal represents a constant value which can be assigned to the variables
Integral Literal
We can specify an integral literal in the following ways.
Decimal literals:
allowed digits are 0 to 9 Ex: int x = 10; Octal literals: allowed digits are 0 to 7 but here literal value should be prefixed with 0(zero) Ex: int x = 010;
Hexadecimal literals:
the allowed digits are 0 to 9, A- F (Both lower, Upper case) literals should be prefixed with 0x or oX Ex: int x = 0x10;
Ex: class Test {
public static void main(String arg[]) {
int x = 10;
int y = 010;
int z = 0x10;
System.out.println(x + "..." + y + "..." + z);
} }
O/P:- 10…8…1
Except decimal, octal, hexadecimal there is no other way to represents constant values for the integral datatype.
By default every integral lateral is of int datatype we can specify explicitly. An integral literal is of long type by suffixing with l or L.
Ex:
10 --int value.
10l -- long value.
long l = 10l;
int i = 10l;
C.E: possible loss of precision found : long Required:int
Floating – point literals
By default floating-point literals are double type we can specify explicitly as float type by suffixing with ‘f’ or ‘F’.
Which of the following are valid declarations
A. float f = 10.5; (Wrong) C.E possible loss of precisionB. float f = 10.5f; (Right)
C. double d = 10.5; (Right)
D. double d = 10.5f; (Right)
E. double d = 10.5D; (Right)
we can specify explicitly a floating point literal of double type by suffixing with d or D. we can also represent float-point literals by using scientific notation.
Ex:
double d = 10e23;
int i = 10e23; C.E possible loss of precision found : double required : int.
Floating point literals can be specified only in decimal form. i.e we can’t use octal and hexa decimal representation for floating point literals.
Ex: Double d = 0x123.456;
C.E: Malformed floating-point literal.
Which of the following are valid declarations
A. float f = 123.456; (Wrong)
B. float f = 0x123.456F; (Right)
C. float f = 0x123; (Right)
D. float f = 1.2e36; (Wrong)
E. double d = 1.2e36; (Right)
Boolean Literals The only allowed values for boolean datatype are true, false.
Which of the following are valid declarations
1. boolean b = true; (Right)
2. boolean b = FALSE; (Wrong)
3. boolean b = 0; (Wrong)
character literal
A char literal can be represented as a single character with in single quotes.
Ex:
char ch = 'a'; (Right)
char ch = 'ab'; (Wrong) C.E: unclosed character literal.
char ch = a; (Wrong)
we can represent a char literal by using it’s Unicode value. For the allowed Unicode values are 0 to 65535.
Ex:
char ch = 97;
System.out.println(ch); - O/P: a
char ch = 65535;
char ch = 65536; - C.E : possible loss of precision found : int required :char
we can represent a char literal by using Unicode representation which is nothing but \uxxxx’
Ex:
char ch = '\u0061'
System.out.println(ch); - O/P:a
char ch = '\ubeef'; (Right)
char ch = '\uface'; (Right)
char ch = '\iface'; (Wrong)
char ch = '\uface'; (Wrong)
we can also represent a char literal by using escape character.
Ex:
char ch = '\b'; (Right)
char ch = '\n'; (Right)
char ch = '\l'; (Wrong)
The following is the list of all possible escape characters in java.
\b- backspace
\n - new line
\r - carriage return
\f -formfeed
\t - horizontal tab
\’ - single quote
\”- double quote
\\ - back slash
Which of the following char declarations are valid?
char ch = 'c'; (Right)
char ch = 'abc'; (Wrong)
char ch = a ; (Wrong)
char ch = 65123; (Right)
char ch = 65537; (Wrong)
char ch = \uabcd; (Wrong)
char ch = '\uanuska'; (Wrong)
char ch = '\ubeef'; (Right)
char ch = '\r'; (Right)
char ch = '\t';(Right)
char ch = '\d'; (Wrong)
String literal
A sequence of character with in double quotes is String literal.String s = "Durga";(Right)
String s = 'software'; (Wrong)
String s = 'a'; (Wrong)
